RARE DISEASE
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Drug discovery
15
drugs
With orphan designations
Overview
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal emergency most common in preterm infants, characterized by intestinal inflammation, mucosal injury, and necrosis. Pathogenesis involves intestinal ischemia, dysbiosis, and enteral feeding in immature gut mucosa. Mortality approaches 20–30%, with survivors at risk for short bowel syndrome, neurodevelopmental delays, and intestinal strictures [1][5][6].
Burden
Mortality rates reach 50% in surgical cases; survivors face 30–50% risk of long-term neurodevelopmental/GI sequelae [1][6].
Annual U.S. hospitalization costs exceed $1 billion, with incremental post-discharge costs up to $18,274 per infant [13].
Leading cause of infant mortality among GI disorders, contributing to 10.2 deaths per 100,000 live births [12][13].
Therapies
Medical: NPO status, gastric decompression, IV antibiotics (ampicillin + aminoglycoside ± anaerobic coverage), and parenteral nutrition [1][6].
Surgical: Laparotomy with bowel resection for perforation or necrosis (required in 25–40% of cases) [1][6].
Emerging: Probiotics, stem cell therapy (BM-MSCs/AF-MSCs), and IL-22 supplementation show experimental promise [5][15].
Categories: rare gastroenterological diseases, rare transplant-related disorders
Research Papers
3,729 drug discovery papers about Necrotizing enterocolitis, with 6 first-in-class and 4 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:
3,729 drug discovery papers about Necrotizing enterocolitis, with 6 first-in-class and 4 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:
2026-08-17 | [Efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis for late-onset invasive fungal infection in very preterm infants/very low birth weight infants: a retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching].
To evaluate the necessity of routine fluconazole prophylaxis in very preterm infants/very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) with a very low incidence of late-onset invasive fungal infection (IFI), and to inform clinical practice. A retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching was conducted including eligible very preterm infants/VLBW infants admitted to the NICUs of West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Sichuan Provincial Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2023. Infants were categorized into fluconazole and non-fluconazole groups according whether they received fluconazole prophylaxis. The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset IFI. A total of 1 961 infants were enrolled, with an overall late-onset IFI incidence of 0.25% (5/1 961). After propensity score matching, 442 infants were included in each group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the fluconazole and non-fluconazole groups in the incidence of late-onset IFI (0.45% vs 0.23%), mortality (2.04% vs 0.90%), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery (6.11% vs 4.98%), intraventricular hemorrhage grade ≥2 (9.28% vs 6.56%), necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2 (10.18% vs 8.14%), or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (36.20% vs 36.88%), nor in length of hospital stay (48.5 days vs 50.5 days) (all P>0.05). In NICUs with a very low incidence of late-onset IFI, routine fluconazole prophylaxis is not recommended for very preterm infants/VLBW infants.
2026-08-17 | [Berberine attenuates necrotizing enterocolitis-associated brain injury via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway].
To investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of berberine (BBR) on brain injury related to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). An NEC mouse model was established and mice were assigned to control, model, low-dose BBR (2.5 mg/kg), and high-dose BBR (5 mg/kg) groups (n=24 per group). Body weight and survival were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to assess pathological damage in intestinal and brain tissues; Nissl staining was performed to evaluate neuronal injury in the hippocampus; immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect microglial activation in the hippocampus. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the intestine and brain were measured by ELISA. Western blot and quantitative PCR were used to quantify the protein and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in brain tissue. Western blot was further used to examine the protein expression related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5). Neurobehavioral functions were evaluated by the open field, novel object recognition, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tests. In vitro, BV2 microglial cells were divided into control, LPS, LPS+BBR, or LPS+TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) groups (n=3 per group). Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay and inflammatory signaling proteins were measured by Western blot. Compared with the model group, both BBR doses alleviated intestinal and brain pathology; the intestinal pathology score, escape latency on days 3 to 5, number of activated microglia (immunoreactive for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA/protein levels decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the spontaneous alternation rate increased (P<0.05). High-dose BBR reduced intestinal and brain LPS levels and downregulated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome-related protein expression in the brain (P<0.05). During days 1 to 3 after NEC induction, body weight, central zone movement distance, central zone residence time, recognition index in the testing phase, platform crossings, percentage of time spent in the target quadrant, and expression of BBB tight junction proteins increased significantly in the high-dose group (P<0.05). In vitro, LPS+BBR and LPS+TAK-242 treatments reduced the protein expression related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome compared with LPS alone (P<0.05). BBR can alleviate brain injury in NEC model mice and improve long-term neurological outcomes dose-dependently. These effects likely involve preservation of BBB integrity and suppression of microglial activation via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
2026-08-16 | Cumulative Opioid Exposures in the First Year of Life and Cognitive Neurodevelopment in High-Risk Infants.
High-risk infants with significant neonatal-perinatal morbidities often require opioids, but prolonged exposures can impair neurodevelopment. We evaluated the effect of cumulative opioid exposures in the first year of life, measured by morphine milligrams equivalents (MME), on neurodevelopment. A retrospective cohort of high-risk infants younger than 1 year admitted to a tertiary children's hospital from 2010 to 2020 was identified. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD-9/ICD-10) codes for congenital heart disease surgery, medical and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, extremely low birth weight, very low birth weight, hypoxemic ischemic encephalopathy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and thoracoabdominal surgery identified high-risk infants. Cumulative MME received over all hospitalizations in the first year of life were calculated alongside benzodiazepine dosing and neurodevelopmental scores at 18 months or older. Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as a score more than 1 SD from the standardized mean. Multivariable linear regressions adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. Overall, 330 high-risk infants were identified, and 70.6% demonstrated neurodevelopmental impairment. Cumulative MME negatively correlated with cognitive (P < .001), motor (P < .001), and language (P = .004) scores. On multivariable linear regression, increasing MME was significantly associated with decreasing cognitive (P < .001) scores but not motor or language scores. Higher cumulative opioid exposure in the first year of life was associated with reduced cognitive scores at 18 months or older, independent of comorbidities. Opioid stewardship initiatives extended to high-risk infants may further optimize long-term neurodevelopment.
2026-08-14 | Routine probiotics and outcomes in infants < 29 weeks: a 13-year single-centre cohort with propensity-weighted sensitivity analyses.
Probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has been associated with reduced necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and mortality, but reported effects vary across studies due to heterogeneity in populations, probiotic products, and co-interventions, with limited representation of extremely preterm infants. We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study of infants born at < 29 weeks' gestation admitted for intensive care between 2012 and 2024 using electronic patient records. After excluding infants who died within the first 7 days and other predefined exclusions, 581 infants were analysed: 79 (13.6%) received no probiotics and 502 (86.4%) received probiotics (two products used sequentially during the study period). Baseline characteristics (gestational age, birthweight, sex, and antenatal steroid exposure) were similar between groups. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and severe NEC, defined pragmatically as NEC requiring transfer for surgical management and/or surgery. Secondary outcomes included culture-positive late-onset sepsis (LOS) and time to full enteral feeds. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for gestational age, birthweight, sex, antenatal steroid exposure, and calendar year, supported by propensity-score overlap-weighted sensitivity analysis. In-hospital mortality was 4.8% in probiotic-exposed infants versus 13.9% in unexposed infants. Probiotic exposure was associated with lower adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.10-0.93; p = 0.036). No clear association was observed with severe NEC or culture-positive LOS. In this 13-year single-centre cohort of infants < 29 weeks' gestation, routine probiotic use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, while effects on severe NEC and LOS were not clearly demonstrated. • Probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has been associated with reduced NEC and mortality, but results vary across studies. • Prior evidence is heterogeneous, with limited representation of extremely preterm infants and variability in probiotic strains, dosing, and co-interventions. • In a 13-year single-centre cohort of infants < 29 weeks' gestation, probiotic use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality after adjustment. • No clear difference in severe NEC (surgery/transfer) was observed between probiotic-exposed and unexposed infants.
2026-08-14 | Association of caffeine citrate administration with necrotising enterocolitis in infants < 32 weeks' gestation: a retrospective cohort study.
To examine the association between caffeine citrate administration and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants (VPIs). A multicentre retrospective cohort study. Level III neonatal intensive care units participating in the Chinese Neonatal Network. The participants comprised neonates with a gestational age of under 32 weeks. Exposure to caffeine citrate administration after birth. Primary outcome measures were the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) and surgical NEC. Secondary outcome measures included severe neonatal morbidities, including severe intraventricular haemorrhages, severe retinopathy of prematurity, late-onset sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, death, duration of parenteral nutrition and length of neonatal intensive care unit stay. A total of 45 624 VPIs were included. Among 36 514 who received at least one dose of caffeine citrate, 2315 (6.3%) developed NEC (≥stage IIA) and 849 (2.3%) experienced surgical NEC. Among 9110 VPIs without caffeine exposure, 544 (6.0%) developed NEC (≥stage IIA) and 263 (2.9%) experienced surgical NEC. Caffeine citrate exposure did not affect the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) between groups (adjusted OR (aOR), 1.01; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.24; adjusted absolute risk (aAR), -0.15; 95% CI -1.21 to 0.92); however, its early administration (within 72 hours after birth) was associated with a lower incidence of surgical NEC (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.89; aAR, -0.92; 95% CI -1.55 to -0.29). In subgroup analysis, caffeine citrate administration was associated with a reduction in the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) among VPIs receiving invasive ventilation at admission (aOR, 0.8; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.94; aAR, -2.04; 95% CI -3.82 to -0.25) and vasopressors before NEC occurred (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.78; aAR, -5.17; 95% CI -7.94 to -2.39). While the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) in VPIs has not been affected by caffeine citrate, early administration (within 72 hours after birth) was associated with a reduced incidence of surgical NEC. Furthermore, among VPIs who received invasive ventilation at admission and vasopressors, the administration of caffeine citrate was potentially correlated with a decreased occurrence of NEC (≥stage IIA).
2026-08-17 | [Efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis for late-onset invasive fungal infection in very preterm infants/very low birth weight infants: a retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching].
To evaluate the necessity of routine fluconazole prophylaxis in very preterm infants/very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) with a very low incidence of late-onset invasive fungal infection (IFI), and to inform clinical practice. A retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching was conducted including eligible very preterm infants/VLBW infants admitted to the NICUs of West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Sichuan Provincial Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2023. Infants were categorized into fluconazole and non-fluconazole groups according whether they received fluconazole prophylaxis. The primary outcome was the incidence of late-onset IFI. A total of 1 961 infants were enrolled, with an overall late-onset IFI incidence of 0.25% (5/1 961). After propensity score matching, 442 infants were included in each group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the fluconazole and non-fluconazole groups in the incidence of late-onset IFI (0.45% vs 0.23%), mortality (2.04% vs 0.90%), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery (6.11% vs 4.98%), intraventricular hemorrhage grade ≥2 (9.28% vs 6.56%), necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2 (10.18% vs 8.14%), or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (36.20% vs 36.88%), nor in length of hospital stay (48.5 days vs 50.5 days) (all P>0.05). In NICUs with a very low incidence of late-onset IFI, routine fluconazole prophylaxis is not recommended for very preterm infants/VLBW infants.
2026-08-17 | [Berberine attenuates necrotizing enterocolitis-associated brain injury via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway].
To investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of berberine (BBR) on brain injury related to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). An NEC mouse model was established and mice were assigned to control, model, low-dose BBR (2.5 mg/kg), and high-dose BBR (5 mg/kg) groups (n=24 per group). Body weight and survival were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to assess pathological damage in intestinal and brain tissues; Nissl staining was performed to evaluate neuronal injury in the hippocampus; immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect microglial activation in the hippocampus. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the intestine and brain were measured by ELISA. Western blot and quantitative PCR were used to quantify the protein and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in brain tissue. Western blot was further used to examine the protein expression related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5). Neurobehavioral functions were evaluated by the open field, novel object recognition, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tests. In vitro, BV2 microglial cells were divided into control, LPS, LPS+BBR, or LPS+TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) groups (n=3 per group). Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay and inflammatory signaling proteins were measured by Western blot. Compared with the model group, both BBR doses alleviated intestinal and brain pathology; the intestinal pathology score, escape latency on days 3 to 5, number of activated microglia (immunoreactive for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA/protein levels decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the spontaneous alternation rate increased (P<0.05). High-dose BBR reduced intestinal and brain LPS levels and downregulated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome-related protein expression in the brain (P<0.05). During days 1 to 3 after NEC induction, body weight, central zone movement distance, central zone residence time, recognition index in the testing phase, platform crossings, percentage of time spent in the target quadrant, and expression of BBB tight junction proteins increased significantly in the high-dose group (P<0.05). In vitro, LPS+BBR and LPS+TAK-242 treatments reduced the protein expression related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome compared with LPS alone (P<0.05). BBR can alleviate brain injury in NEC model mice and improve long-term neurological outcomes dose-dependently. These effects likely involve preservation of BBB integrity and suppression of microglial activation via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
2026-08-16 | Cumulative Opioid Exposures in the First Year of Life and Cognitive Neurodevelopment in High-Risk Infants.
High-risk infants with significant neonatal-perinatal morbidities often require opioids, but prolonged exposures can impair neurodevelopment. We evaluated the effect of cumulative opioid exposures in the first year of life, measured by morphine milligrams equivalents (MME), on neurodevelopment. A retrospective cohort of high-risk infants younger than 1 year admitted to a tertiary children's hospital from 2010 to 2020 was identified. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD-9/ICD-10) codes for congenital heart disease surgery, medical and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, extremely low birth weight, very low birth weight, hypoxemic ischemic encephalopathy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and thoracoabdominal surgery identified high-risk infants. Cumulative MME received over all hospitalizations in the first year of life were calculated alongside benzodiazepine dosing and neurodevelopmental scores at 18 months or older. Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as a score more than 1 SD from the standardized mean. Multivariable linear regressions adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. Overall, 330 high-risk infants were identified, and 70.6% demonstrated neurodevelopmental impairment. Cumulative MME negatively correlated with cognitive (P < .001), motor (P < .001), and language (P = .004) scores. On multivariable linear regression, increasing MME was significantly associated with decreasing cognitive (P < .001) scores but not motor or language scores. Higher cumulative opioid exposure in the first year of life was associated with reduced cognitive scores at 18 months or older, independent of comorbidities. Opioid stewardship initiatives extended to high-risk infants may further optimize long-term neurodevelopment.
2026-08-14 | Routine probiotics and outcomes in infants < 29 weeks: a 13-year single-centre cohort with propensity-weighted sensitivity analyses.
Probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has been associated with reduced necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and mortality, but reported effects vary across studies due to heterogeneity in populations, probiotic products, and co-interventions, with limited representation of extremely preterm infants. We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study of infants born at < 29 weeks' gestation admitted for intensive care between 2012 and 2024 using electronic patient records. After excluding infants who died within the first 7 days and other predefined exclusions, 581 infants were analysed: 79 (13.6%) received no probiotics and 502 (86.4%) received probiotics (two products used sequentially during the study period). Baseline characteristics (gestational age, birthweight, sex, and antenatal steroid exposure) were similar between groups. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and severe NEC, defined pragmatically as NEC requiring transfer for surgical management and/or surgery. Secondary outcomes included culture-positive late-onset sepsis (LOS) and time to full enteral feeds. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for gestational age, birthweight, sex, antenatal steroid exposure, and calendar year, supported by propensity-score overlap-weighted sensitivity analysis. In-hospital mortality was 4.8% in probiotic-exposed infants versus 13.9% in unexposed infants. Probiotic exposure was associated with lower adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.10-0.93; p = 0.036). No clear association was observed with severe NEC or culture-positive LOS. In this 13-year single-centre cohort of infants < 29 weeks' gestation, routine probiotic use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, while effects on severe NEC and LOS were not clearly demonstrated. • Probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has been associated with reduced NEC and mortality, but results vary across studies. • Prior evidence is heterogeneous, with limited representation of extremely preterm infants and variability in probiotic strains, dosing, and co-interventions. • In a 13-year single-centre cohort of infants < 29 weeks' gestation, probiotic use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality after adjustment. • No clear difference in severe NEC (surgery/transfer) was observed between probiotic-exposed and unexposed infants.
2026-08-14 | Association of caffeine citrate administration with necrotising enterocolitis in infants < 32 weeks' gestation: a retrospective cohort study.
To examine the association between caffeine citrate administration and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants (VPIs). A multicentre retrospective cohort study. Level III neonatal intensive care units participating in the Chinese Neonatal Network. The participants comprised neonates with a gestational age of under 32 weeks. Exposure to caffeine citrate administration after birth. Primary outcome measures were the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) and surgical NEC. Secondary outcome measures included severe neonatal morbidities, including severe intraventricular haemorrhages, severe retinopathy of prematurity, late-onset sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, death, duration of parenteral nutrition and length of neonatal intensive care unit stay. A total of 45 624 VPIs were included. Among 36 514 who received at least one dose of caffeine citrate, 2315 (6.3%) developed NEC (≥stage IIA) and 849 (2.3%) experienced surgical NEC. Among 9110 VPIs without caffeine exposure, 544 (6.0%) developed NEC (≥stage IIA) and 263 (2.9%) experienced surgical NEC. Caffeine citrate exposure did not affect the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) between groups (adjusted OR (aOR), 1.01; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.24; adjusted absolute risk (aAR), -0.15; 95% CI -1.21 to 0.92); however, its early administration (within 72 hours after birth) was associated with a lower incidence of surgical NEC (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.89; aAR, -0.92; 95% CI -1.55 to -0.29). In subgroup analysis, caffeine citrate administration was associated with a reduction in the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) among VPIs receiving invasive ventilation at admission (aOR, 0.8; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.94; aAR, -2.04; 95% CI -3.82 to -0.25) and vasopressors before NEC occurred (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.78; aAR, -5.17; 95% CI -7.94 to -2.39). While the incidence of NEC (≥stage IIA) in VPIs has not been affected by caffeine citrate, early administration (within 72 hours after birth) was associated with a reduced incidence of surgical NEC. Furthermore, among VPIs who received invasive ventilation at admission and vasopressors, the administration of caffeine citrate was potentially correlated with a decreased occurrence of NEC (≥stage IIA).
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Drug Discovery Landscape
15 orphan drug designations for Necrotizing enterocolitis.
15 orphan drug designations for Necrotizing enterocolitis.
Drug | Therapy type | Regulator | Orphan designation | Approval | Sponsor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin, human | proteins | EMA | 2026-08-20 | — | Sirius Regulatory Consulting Eu Limited |
bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | other | FDA | 2025-05-06 | — | Infinant Health, Inc. |
Amnion-derived Cellular Cytokine Solution | cell therapies | FDA | 2022-04-26 | — | Noveome Biotherapeutics, Inc. |
Human Placental Extract | other | FDA | 2020-05-28 | — | Plakous Therapeutics, Inc. |
inter-Alpha-Inhibitor-Proteins (IaIp) (Human) | proteins | FDA | 2018-02-13 | — | ProThera Biologics, Inc. |
melatonin | small molecules | FDA | 2017-01-25 | — | WORPHMED Srl |
Melatonin | small molecules | EMA | 2016-08-01 | — | Worphmed Srl |
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis | combination | FDA | 2015-03-24 | — | Leadiant Biosciences, Inc. |
bovine lactoferrin | proteins | FDA | 2015-02-23 | — | Metrodora Therapeutics, LLC |
Lactobacillus reuteri | other | EMA | 2015-02-12 | — | Infant Bacterial Therapeutics AB |
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum | other | EMA | 2013-12-18 | — | Laboratorio Farmaceutico S.I.T. s.r.l. |
L. reuteri | other | FDA | 2013-08-01 | — | Infant Bacterial Therapeutics |
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), amino acids 74-148 | proteins | EMA | 2006-10-31 | — | Dr Michael Moore |
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor | proteins | FDA | 2006-09-18 | — | Trillium Therapeutics, Inc. |
Bacitracin | — | FDA | 1984-03-13 | — | A. L. Laboratories, Inc. |
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