RARE DISEASE
Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum
Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum
Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum
Synonyms: Rectal squamous cell carcinoma
Synonyms: Rectal squamous cell carcinoma
Synonyms: Rectal squamous cell carcinoma
Drug discovery
0
drugs
With orphan designations
Overview
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the rectum is a rare malignancy (<1% of all rectal cancers) with distinct epidemiology and pathogenesis. Histologically similar to anal SCC but lacking established risk factors beyond chronic inflammation (e.g., ulcerative colitis) or HPV associations, it typically presents with rectal bleeding or pain. Definitive chemoradiotherapy (5-FU/mitomycin C with 50–60 Gy RT) is now preferred over surgery for localized disease, achieving 70–80% complete response rates and sphincter preservation [1][3][6]. Prognosis remains poorer than adenocarcinoma, with 5-year survival rates of 30–50% [4][5][7].
Therapies
Localized disease: Definitive chemoradiotherapy (5-FU + mitomycin C) with salvage surgery for residual/recurrent tumors [1][6][8]
Metastatic disease: Platinum/taxane-based regimens (e.g., cisplatin + 5-FU) [6][9]
Emerging protocols testing carboplatin/paclitaxel or immunotherapy combinations in clinical trials [6][8]
Categories: rare gastroenterological diseases, rare neoplastic diseases, rare transplant-related disorders
Research Papers
135 drug discovery papers about Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum. Recent publications:
135 drug discovery papers about Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum. Recent publications:
categories:
Small molecules
small molecules
2026-06-16 | Analysis and validation of abnormal signaling pathways and immune cell infiltration characteristics in digestive system cancers based on peroxisome-related genes.
Although emerging evidence suggests a role for peroxisomes in tumorigenesis, their functions in digestive cancers remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between peroxisomes and digestive tract tumors. To systematically investigate peroxisomal functions in digestive cancers, we first constructed and validated tumor-specific prognostic signatures based on peroxisome-related genes (PRGs) through univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We then characterized the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) with CIBERSORT, X-CELL, and EPIC algorithms, and identified tumor-specific and common signalings via Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we experimentally validated peroxisome-related therapeutic responses by profiling signature genes in radioresistant cells and an orthotopic transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) rat model. PEX13 knockdown further assessed peroxisomal role in radiosensitivity and targeted therapy response. Clinical relevance of PEX13 was evaluated in HCC cohort. Single-cell RNA sequencing dataset and lipidomics further revealed peroxisomal mechanisms in HCC progression. Finally, peroxisomal function in colorectal cancer (CRC) was validated in vitro. Novel peroxisome-related prognostic signatures demonstrated strong predictive power in HCC, colon adenocarcinoma, rectal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. High-risk patients displayed an immunosuppressive microenvironment, characterized by increased infiltration of regulatory T cells, M2 macrophages, Th2 cells, or cancer-associated fibroblasts, or Th1 cells' reduction. Peroxisomes engaged in several distinct yet convergent pathways, most notably "positive regulation of response to stimuli". HCC prognostic genes were dynamically regulated in response to therapeutic stimuli, including radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and TACE. Clinically, the expression of PEX13 was markedly upregulated in tumor tissues from therapy-resistant HCC patients. Mechanistically, peroxisomal dysfunction induced by silencing PEX13 in HCC or UBE2D2 in CRC may overcome therapeutic resistance (radiotherapy/ lenvatinib resistance in HCC, radioresistance in CRC) through reprogramming lipid metabolism. Peroxisomes act as pivotal regulators of digestive cancer progression by modulating signaling pathways, the TIME, therapeutic resistance, and lipid metabolism. Targeting peroxisomal function, particularly in high-risk subgroups of HCC and CRC, warrants further exploration as a promising therapeutic strategy.
2026-05-26 | Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rectosigmoid Colon: A Case Report and Literature Review of a Rare Malignancy.
Primary colonic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents a small minority of all colorectal cancer cases. Common clinical presentations include abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, dyschezia, and hematochezia. While adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation may be considered, treatment of colonic SCC is primarily surgical. We report a case of primary colonic SCC. A 66-year-old man with multiple comorbidities and a 42-pack-year smoking history presented with abdominal pain, constipation, and rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy findings included an anorectal ulcer and an ulcerated rectal mass, diagnosed as poorly differentiated, HPV-related SCC. Surgical treatment consisted of a low anterior resection with ileostomy and adjuvant chemoradiation, complicated by leukopenia/neutropenia. The ileostomy was reversed six months later with no gross malignancy. However, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) remained positive with a follow-up positron emission tomography scan and biopsy confirming recurrent SCC. The patient is currently receiving combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, with considerations being made for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This case demonstrates the role of ctDNA as an early marker of recurrence and an association with HPV infection. However, the risk factors for primary colonic SCC remain unclear, and adjuvant chemoradiation lacks consensus. Further evaluation of primary colonic SCC cases is necessary to determine standardized management guidelines.
2026-02-23 | HPV-Negative Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rectum: An Exceptionally Rare Entity.
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the rectum is an exceptionally rare malignancy, distinct from other more common gastrointestinal cancers. Although human papillomavirus infection is strongly associated with squamous cell carcinomas at other anogenital sites, its role in rectal BSCC remains unclear. We report a 66-year-old woman who presented with fatigue and intermittent hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed a distal rectal mass, and biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated BSCC. Immunohistochemistry was negative for human papillomavirus. Molecular profiling demonstrated high tumor mutational burden and elevated PD-L1 expression. This case underscores the extreme rarity of rectal BSCC and the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges it poses.
2025-12-12 | A case of tubulovillous adenoma with neuroendocrine cell nest resection
An 80-year-old man underwent a colonoscopy after PET-CT for pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (cT3N0M0, stage IIB) showed rectal uptake, revealing a 20-mm 0-IIa lesion (Rb). However, the lung cancer treatment was prioritized. Eight months later, another colonoscopy showed lesion progression to 25 mm (0-IIa+Is), and an en bloc endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed. Histological examination revealed a high-grade tubulovillous adenoma with <5% neuroendocrine cell nests confined to the lamina propria. These findings were consistent with composite intestinal adenoma-microcarcinoid, a rare mucosa-confined lesion with a favorable prognosis that is typically identified incidentally on pathological examination.
2025-12-11 | Improved Outcomes in Locally Advanced Anal Cancer: The Role of Taxol, Ifosfamide, and Platinum Chemotherapy Prior to Standard Chemoradiation
Background Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare but increasing malignancy, often associated with HPV infection. Standard treatment for locally advanced disease includes concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C. Despite high response rates, recurrence remains a challenge, particularly in high-risk cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) has shown promise in other SCC types and may improve outcomes in anal cancer. Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of TIP chemotherapy followed by CRT in the treatment of locally advanced anal SCC. Methods We present a case series of three patients with locally advanced anal SCC treated with TIP chemotherapy followed by concurrent CRT. Clinical responses were assessed by imaging, and disease-free survival (DFS) was monitored. Results The first case is a 69-year-old female with T3N1M0 disease achieved marked tumor reduction after two cycles of TIP. Following CRT, she has remained disease-free for over 30 months. Our second case is a 72-year-old female with T2N0M0 disease received one cycle of TIP before omitting the second cycle due to hematologic toxicity. After CRT, she remains disease free for 9 years. Case three is a 64-year-old female with T4N0M0 disease (rectal and vaginal invasion) had significant tumor shrinkage after TIP. Following CRT, she has been disease-free for 11 years. Discussion Neoadjuvant TIP chemotherapy followed by CRT led to favorable outcomes, with all patients achieving long-term disease-free survival. Notably, the approach was well tolerated with manageable toxicity. These findings suggest that TIP chemotherapy may improve outcomes in high-risk anal SCC patients, particularly in those with large tumors or regional spread. Conclusion Neoadjuvant TIP chemotherapy combined with CRT appears to be a promising treatment strategy for locally advanced anal SCC. Larger studies are needed toconfirm its efficacy and determine optimal patient selection.
antibodies
2025-12-08 | Editorial: Checkpoint immunotherapy: reshaping the landscape of gastrointestinal cancer treatment
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have become standard treatments for advanced gastric, biliary tract, and colorectal cancers, significantly extending survival, achieving tumor regression, and enhancing organ preservation, particularly in dMMR/MSI-H subtypes [1], [2], [3], [4]. These therapies enable conversion of unresectable to resectable disease, as seen in gastric and colorectal cancers, and improve quality of life by reducing recurrence and supporting organ-sparing approaches. This editorial synthesizes contributions from recent studies in Frontiers in Immunology, highlighting the clinical utility of ICIs across key GI cancers-gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GC/GEJ), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), biliary tract cancer (BTC), colorectal/rectal cancer (CRC/RC), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)-and situates these advancements within the broader immunotherapy landscape.ICIs have demonstrated robust clinical benefits across GI cancers, transforming treatment strategies and outcomes. [8], [17]. Multi-omics approaches, integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, will refine personalized treatment, while real-world evidenceThis collection of studies underscores the profound impact of checkpoint immunotherapy on GI cancer management, demonstrating significant clinical benefits, innovative combination strategies, and biomarkers for personalized care. By addressing efficacy, safety, and accessibility, these findings pave the way for more effective and equitable treatments, inspiring continued innovation to improve outcomes for GI cancer patients worldwide.
2024-10-20 | [Practice-changing clinical trials in gastrointestinal radiation oncology].
Current events in radiotherapy oncology are marked by the results of strategic trials, particularly for esophageal and rectal cancers. For resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma, results of the ESOPEC study showed a benefit in overall survival from the perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel compared to chemoradiotherapy (41.4Gy radiotherapy and carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy). In definitive setting, the CONCORDE study did not show any benefit from dose escalation and the standard dose remains 50Gy. For resectable pancreatic cancer, the NRG/RTOG0848 study that compared adjuvant chemotherapy with or without chemoradiotherapy found a significant increase of the 5-year disease-free survival rate in the subgroup of node-negative patients. For rectal cancers, the 7-year update of PRODIGE 23 study confirmed the benefit in disease-free- and overall survival of neoadjuvant folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy of T3, T4 or N+ adenocarcinoma, while the update of the RAPIDO study revealed an unacceptable local recurrence rate in the experimental arm. The update of the OPRA study shows a significantly higher 5-year organ preservation rate in favor of the chemoradiotherapy arm followed by consolidation chemotherapy compared to induction chemotherapy followed by CRT. A phase 2 study, including 41 patients with mismatch repair deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer reported that exclusive treatment with anti-PDL1 immunotherapy (dostarlimab) for 6 months resulted in complete clinical response without the need of additional treatment (neither radiotherapy nor surgery). For anal carcinoma, the analysis of survival and toxicity profiles of patients treated for a small stage T1 or T2 tumor were compared depending on whether they received exclusive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy did not show any survival benefit but significantly increased toxicity and the risk of radiotherapy disruption.
vaccines
2025-01-20 | Rare Finding of Rectal Squamous Metaplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Rectal squamous metaplasia in inflammatory bowel disease is rare. We present 2 cases of rectal squamous metaplasia, one in a patient with Crohn's disease and another with ulcerative colitis. Given the risk of malignant transformation, dysplasia surveillance is important particularly in areas of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, human papilloma virus (HPV) is involved in the pathogenesis of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but no guidelines exist in the United States for HPV prophylaxis against anal SCC in inflammatory bowel disease. HPV vaccination should be considered in high-risk patients younger than 45 years for prevention of anal SCC, including those with rectal squamous metaplasia.
small molecules
2026-06-16 | Analysis and validation of abnormal signaling pathways and immune cell infiltration characteristics in digestive system cancers based on peroxisome-related genes.
Although emerging evidence suggests a role for peroxisomes in tumorigenesis, their functions in digestive cancers remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between peroxisomes and digestive tract tumors. To systematically investigate peroxisomal functions in digestive cancers, we first constructed and validated tumor-specific prognostic signatures based on peroxisome-related genes (PRGs) through univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We then characterized the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) with CIBERSORT, X-CELL, and EPIC algorithms, and identified tumor-specific and common signalings via Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we experimentally validated peroxisome-related therapeutic responses by profiling signature genes in radioresistant cells and an orthotopic transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) rat model. PEX13 knockdown further assessed peroxisomal role in radiosensitivity and targeted therapy response. Clinical relevance of PEX13 was evaluated in HCC cohort. Single-cell RNA sequencing dataset and lipidomics further revealed peroxisomal mechanisms in HCC progression. Finally, peroxisomal function in colorectal cancer (CRC) was validated in vitro. Novel peroxisome-related prognostic signatures demonstrated strong predictive power in HCC, colon adenocarcinoma, rectal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. High-risk patients displayed an immunosuppressive microenvironment, characterized by increased infiltration of regulatory T cells, M2 macrophages, Th2 cells, or cancer-associated fibroblasts, or Th1 cells' reduction. Peroxisomes engaged in several distinct yet convergent pathways, most notably "positive regulation of response to stimuli". HCC prognostic genes were dynamically regulated in response to therapeutic stimuli, including radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and TACE. Clinically, the expression of PEX13 was markedly upregulated in tumor tissues from therapy-resistant HCC patients. Mechanistically, peroxisomal dysfunction induced by silencing PEX13 in HCC or UBE2D2 in CRC may overcome therapeutic resistance (radiotherapy/ lenvatinib resistance in HCC, radioresistance in CRC) through reprogramming lipid metabolism. Peroxisomes act as pivotal regulators of digestive cancer progression by modulating signaling pathways, the TIME, therapeutic resistance, and lipid metabolism. Targeting peroxisomal function, particularly in high-risk subgroups of HCC and CRC, warrants further exploration as a promising therapeutic strategy.
2026-05-26 | Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rectosigmoid Colon: A Case Report and Literature Review of a Rare Malignancy.
Primary colonic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents a small minority of all colorectal cancer cases. Common clinical presentations include abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, dyschezia, and hematochezia. While adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation may be considered, treatment of colonic SCC is primarily surgical. We report a case of primary colonic SCC. A 66-year-old man with multiple comorbidities and a 42-pack-year smoking history presented with abdominal pain, constipation, and rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy findings included an anorectal ulcer and an ulcerated rectal mass, diagnosed as poorly differentiated, HPV-related SCC. Surgical treatment consisted of a low anterior resection with ileostomy and adjuvant chemoradiation, complicated by leukopenia/neutropenia. The ileostomy was reversed six months later with no gross malignancy. However, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) remained positive with a follow-up positron emission tomography scan and biopsy confirming recurrent SCC. The patient is currently receiving combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, with considerations being made for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This case demonstrates the role of ctDNA as an early marker of recurrence and an association with HPV infection. However, the risk factors for primary colonic SCC remain unclear, and adjuvant chemoradiation lacks consensus. Further evaluation of primary colonic SCC cases is necessary to determine standardized management guidelines.
2026-02-23 | HPV-Negative Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rectum: An Exceptionally Rare Entity.
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the rectum is an exceptionally rare malignancy, distinct from other more common gastrointestinal cancers. Although human papillomavirus infection is strongly associated with squamous cell carcinomas at other anogenital sites, its role in rectal BSCC remains unclear. We report a 66-year-old woman who presented with fatigue and intermittent hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed a distal rectal mass, and biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated BSCC. Immunohistochemistry was negative for human papillomavirus. Molecular profiling demonstrated high tumor mutational burden and elevated PD-L1 expression. This case underscores the extreme rarity of rectal BSCC and the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges it poses.
2025-12-12 | A case of tubulovillous adenoma with neuroendocrine cell nest resection
An 80-year-old man underwent a colonoscopy after PET-CT for pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (cT3N0M0, stage IIB) showed rectal uptake, revealing a 20-mm 0-IIa lesion (Rb). However, the lung cancer treatment was prioritized. Eight months later, another colonoscopy showed lesion progression to 25 mm (0-IIa+Is), and an en bloc endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed. Histological examination revealed a high-grade tubulovillous adenoma with <5% neuroendocrine cell nests confined to the lamina propria. These findings were consistent with composite intestinal adenoma-microcarcinoid, a rare mucosa-confined lesion with a favorable prognosis that is typically identified incidentally on pathological examination.
2025-12-11 | Improved Outcomes in Locally Advanced Anal Cancer: The Role of Taxol, Ifosfamide, and Platinum Chemotherapy Prior to Standard Chemoradiation
Background Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare but increasing malignancy, often associated with HPV infection. Standard treatment for locally advanced disease includes concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C. Despite high response rates, recurrence remains a challenge, particularly in high-risk cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) has shown promise in other SCC types and may improve outcomes in anal cancer. Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of TIP chemotherapy followed by CRT in the treatment of locally advanced anal SCC. Methods We present a case series of three patients with locally advanced anal SCC treated with TIP chemotherapy followed by concurrent CRT. Clinical responses were assessed by imaging, and disease-free survival (DFS) was monitored. Results The first case is a 69-year-old female with T3N1M0 disease achieved marked tumor reduction after two cycles of TIP. Following CRT, she has remained disease-free for over 30 months. Our second case is a 72-year-old female with T2N0M0 disease received one cycle of TIP before omitting the second cycle due to hematologic toxicity. After CRT, she remains disease free for 9 years. Case three is a 64-year-old female with T4N0M0 disease (rectal and vaginal invasion) had significant tumor shrinkage after TIP. Following CRT, she has been disease-free for 11 years. Discussion Neoadjuvant TIP chemotherapy followed by CRT led to favorable outcomes, with all patients achieving long-term disease-free survival. Notably, the approach was well tolerated with manageable toxicity. These findings suggest that TIP chemotherapy may improve outcomes in high-risk anal SCC patients, particularly in those with large tumors or regional spread. Conclusion Neoadjuvant TIP chemotherapy combined with CRT appears to be a promising treatment strategy for locally advanced anal SCC. Larger studies are needed toconfirm its efficacy and determine optimal patient selection.
antibodies
2025-12-08 | Editorial: Checkpoint immunotherapy: reshaping the landscape of gastrointestinal cancer treatment
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have become standard treatments for advanced gastric, biliary tract, and colorectal cancers, significantly extending survival, achieving tumor regression, and enhancing organ preservation, particularly in dMMR/MSI-H subtypes [1], [2], [3], [4]. These therapies enable conversion of unresectable to resectable disease, as seen in gastric and colorectal cancers, and improve quality of life by reducing recurrence and supporting organ-sparing approaches. This editorial synthesizes contributions from recent studies in Frontiers in Immunology, highlighting the clinical utility of ICIs across key GI cancers-gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GC/GEJ), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), biliary tract cancer (BTC), colorectal/rectal cancer (CRC/RC), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)-and situates these advancements within the broader immunotherapy landscape.ICIs have demonstrated robust clinical benefits across GI cancers, transforming treatment strategies and outcomes. [8], [17]. Multi-omics approaches, integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, will refine personalized treatment, while real-world evidenceThis collection of studies underscores the profound impact of checkpoint immunotherapy on GI cancer management, demonstrating significant clinical benefits, innovative combination strategies, and biomarkers for personalized care. By addressing efficacy, safety, and accessibility, these findings pave the way for more effective and equitable treatments, inspiring continued innovation to improve outcomes for GI cancer patients worldwide.
2024-10-20 | [Practice-changing clinical trials in gastrointestinal radiation oncology].
Current events in radiotherapy oncology are marked by the results of strategic trials, particularly for esophageal and rectal cancers. For resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma, results of the ESOPEC study showed a benefit in overall survival from the perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel compared to chemoradiotherapy (41.4Gy radiotherapy and carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy). In definitive setting, the CONCORDE study did not show any benefit from dose escalation and the standard dose remains 50Gy. For resectable pancreatic cancer, the NRG/RTOG0848 study that compared adjuvant chemotherapy with or without chemoradiotherapy found a significant increase of the 5-year disease-free survival rate in the subgroup of node-negative patients. For rectal cancers, the 7-year update of PRODIGE 23 study confirmed the benefit in disease-free- and overall survival of neoadjuvant folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy of T3, T4 or N+ adenocarcinoma, while the update of the RAPIDO study revealed an unacceptable local recurrence rate in the experimental arm. The update of the OPRA study shows a significantly higher 5-year organ preservation rate in favor of the chemoradiotherapy arm followed by consolidation chemotherapy compared to induction chemotherapy followed by CRT. A phase 2 study, including 41 patients with mismatch repair deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer reported that exclusive treatment with anti-PDL1 immunotherapy (dostarlimab) for 6 months resulted in complete clinical response without the need of additional treatment (neither radiotherapy nor surgery). For anal carcinoma, the analysis of survival and toxicity profiles of patients treated for a small stage T1 or T2 tumor were compared depending on whether they received exclusive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy did not show any survival benefit but significantly increased toxicity and the risk of radiotherapy disruption.
vaccines
2025-01-20 | Rare Finding of Rectal Squamous Metaplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Rectal squamous metaplasia in inflammatory bowel disease is rare. We present 2 cases of rectal squamous metaplasia, one in a patient with Crohn's disease and another with ulcerative colitis. Given the risk of malignant transformation, dysplasia surveillance is important particularly in areas of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, human papilloma virus (HPV) is involved in the pathogenesis of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but no guidelines exist in the United States for HPV prophylaxis against anal SCC in inflammatory bowel disease. HPV vaccination should be considered in high-risk patients younger than 45 years for prevention of anal SCC, including those with rectal squamous metaplasia.
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