AI Drug Discovery for Pharma and Biotech

Drug discovery

5

drugs

With orphan designations

Overview

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficient activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, leading to toxic accumulation of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Classic neonatal presentation includes encephalopathy, feeding difficulties, and a distinctive maple syrup odor in bodily fluids. Early diagnosis via newborn screening and prompt dietary intervention are critical to prevent irreversible neurological damage or death. Lifelong management involves a protein-restricted diet, metabolic monitoring, and emergency protocols for decompensation. Liver transplantation remains a curative option but carries surgical risks [1][2][5].

Population

  • Incidence: ~1:185,000 globally; higher in Old Order Mennonite (1:380) and Ashkenazi Jewish (1:26,000) populations [1][2][10].

  • Most cases are identified through newborn screening programs [1][5].

Burden

  • Clinical: Risk of neurodevelopmental delays, psychiatric comorbidities, and acute metabolic crises triggered by catabolic stressors (e.g., infections) [6][9][17].

  • Management: Strict dietary adherence, frequent hospitalizations, and specialized care impose significant psychosocial and economic strain [6][16].

  • Mortality: Untreated cases are fatal within weeks; treated individuals face lifelong disability risks [1][5][16].

Therapies

  • Dietary management: Protein restriction with synthetic formulas lacking branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) [1][5][16].

  • Monitoring: Regular blood leucine, isoleucine, and valine quantification [1][16].

  • Transplantation: Liver transplant resolves metabolic defects but requires lifelong immunosuppression [3][9][14].

Categories: rare genetic diseases, rare inborn errors of metabolism, rare neurological diseases

Research Papers

455 drug discovery papers about Maple syrup urine disease, with 2 first-in-class and 2 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:

455 drug discovery papers about Maple syrup urine disease, with 2 first-in-class and 2 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:

2026-07-09 | Corrección en vivo de errores innatos del metabolismo con afectación hepatorrenal mediante vectores virales de nueva generación y seguimiento por imagen molecular

Los errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM) con afectación hepatorrenal constituyen un grupo de enfermedades monogénicas graves que cursan con disfunción hepática y renal progresiva, con alta morbimortalidad en edades tempranas. La terapia génica in vivo ha emergido como una opción curativa potencial, especialmente mediante el uso de vectores virales de nueva generación que permiten una transferencia génica eficiente y duradera. La monitorización no invasiva de la eficacia terapéutica sigue siendo un desafío que la imagen molecular puede abordar. Esta revisión analiza el estado actual de la corrección in vivo de EIM con afectación hepatorrenal mediante vectores virales de nueva generación (AAV, lentivirus y sistemas de edición génica) y las técnicas de imagen molecular para el seguimiento no invasivo de la terapia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura publicada entre 2020 y 2026 en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, seleccionando estudios preclínicos y ensayos clínicos sobre terapia génica para EIM hepatorrenales y técnicas de imagen molecular aplicadas al seguimiento de terapias génicas. Los vectores AAV han demostrado eficacia en modelos animales de enfermedades como la enfermedad de orina de jarabe de arce (MSUD) mediante vectores AAV9 de doble función (Wang et al., 2025), la deficiencia de CPS1 mediante vectores AAV8 sobredimensionados (Lipshutz et al., 2025), la acidemia metilmalónica mediante AAV8 en ensayos clínicos fase I/II (NCATS, 2025), y la enfermedad de Fabry mediante AAV5 con incrementos de actividad enzimática de 27 a 208 veces por encima de los niveles normales (uniQure, 2025). Los sistemas de edición génica basados en CRISPR-Cas9 administrados mediante AAV único han mostrado corrección permanente en modelos de hemofilia B, deficiencia de proteína C y deficiencia de ornitina transcarbamilasa (Batjargal et al., 2025). La imagen molecular, mediante PET con sistemas reporteros como DTPA-R para el seguimiento de vectores AAV9 (Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2025) y la secuenciación in situ para el mapeo espacial de eventos de edición génica (Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2026), permite visualizar la corrección metabólica y la edición génica in vivo. La terapia génica in vivo con vectores virales de nueva generación representa una estrategia transformadora para los EIM hepatorrenales. La integración de la imagen molecular como herramienta de seguimiento no invasivo permite evaluar la eficacia, detectar complicaciones y personalizar el tratamiento. Persisten desafíos como la inmunogenicidad, la toxicidad hepática y la necesidad de estrategias de redosificación. Se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados para consolidar estas terapias en la práctica clínica.

Open article ↗



2026-07-01 | Immune Dysregulation in Branched Chain Organic Acidemias.

Organic acidemias (OAs) are a group of inherited disorders, most commonly caused by defects in mitochondrial enzymes involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. While they characteristically present with metabolic and neurological crises, growing evidence reveals a significant burden of chronic immune dysregulation in some disorders and patients. This review provides a synthesis of clinical and mechanistic evidence discussing immune dysregulation in OAs. Cytopenia can occur in OAs and predispose patients to recurrent and severe infections. Adaptive immune deficits, such as hypogammaglobulinemia, reduced B and T cell populations, and impaired vaccine-specific antibody responses, including to diphtheria and tetanus in MSUD and to the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in propionic acidemia, have also been reported. Additionally, some case series note hyperinflammatory conditions, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Mechanistic studies indicate that accumulated metabolites disrupt innate and adaptive hematopoietic progenitor function, mitochondrial homeostasis, and inflammatory signaling. Emerging therapeutic avenues, such as gene and mRNA-based therapies, hold the potential to improve or normalize the biochemical phenotype in OAs. While their impact on immune abnormalities remains largely unexplored, future clinical trials offer an opportunity to systematically assess potential effects on immune parameters. OAs are increasingly recognized as disorders with intrinsic immune dysregulation, extending beyond their well-characterized metabolic and neurological manifestations. Future clinical trials will benefit from including immunological endpoints to evaluate immunological recovery for novel therapies.

Open article ↗



2026-05-15 | Systemic dual-gene therapy reverses biochemical intoxication in the central metabolic compartment of Bckdha-/- mice.

Branched-chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) deficiency (maple syrup urine disease; MSUD) causes lethal encephalopathy by disrupting cerebral metabolism, a process imperfectly reflected by circulating biomarkers. Diet and liver transplantation stabilize peripheral metabolites but fail to restore brain neurochemistry, demarcating the central nervous system as the decisive therapeutic compartment. To define the pathogenesis of intoxication and its therapeutic response, we performed paired serum-brain metabolomics in Bckdha-/- mice treated with a systemic AAV9 dual-gene vector encoding human BCKDHA and BCKDHB (A-BiP-B). Untreated neonates exhibited a 9-fold elevation of brain 2-ketoisocaproate accompanied by cerebral depletion of glutamate and glutamine, as well as shifts in tricarboxylic acid cycle and ketone body metabolism. These disturbances originated from reversal of branched-chain aminotransferase 2 flux and destabilization of glutamate-2-ketoglutarate mass balance, producing divergent metabolic endophenotypes in blood versus brain. A single intravenous injection of A-BiP-B rescued mice from fatal encephalopathy, partially restored cerebral BCKDHA mRNA expression, and brought core brain neurochemical endpoints within wild-type range despite persistent elevation of serum 2-ketoacids. These findings expose limitations of current MSUD management and establish systemic dual-gene therapy as a means of restoring neurochemical homeostasis while enabling survival on unrestricted protein intake.

Open article ↗



2026-07-09 | Corrección en vivo de errores innatos del metabolismo con afectación hepatorrenal mediante vectores virales de nueva generación y seguimiento por imagen molecular

Los errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM) con afectación hepatorrenal constituyen un grupo de enfermedades monogénicas graves que cursan con disfunción hepática y renal progresiva, con alta morbimortalidad en edades tempranas. La terapia génica in vivo ha emergido como una opción curativa potencial, especialmente mediante el uso de vectores virales de nueva generación que permiten una transferencia génica eficiente y duradera. La monitorización no invasiva de la eficacia terapéutica sigue siendo un desafío que la imagen molecular puede abordar. Esta revisión analiza el estado actual de la corrección in vivo de EIM con afectación hepatorrenal mediante vectores virales de nueva generación (AAV, lentivirus y sistemas de edición génica) y las técnicas de imagen molecular para el seguimiento no invasivo de la terapia. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura publicada entre 2020 y 2026 en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, seleccionando estudios preclínicos y ensayos clínicos sobre terapia génica para EIM hepatorrenales y técnicas de imagen molecular aplicadas al seguimiento de terapias génicas. Los vectores AAV han demostrado eficacia en modelos animales de enfermedades como la enfermedad de orina de jarabe de arce (MSUD) mediante vectores AAV9 de doble función (Wang et al., 2025), la deficiencia de CPS1 mediante vectores AAV8 sobredimensionados (Lipshutz et al., 2025), la acidemia metilmalónica mediante AAV8 en ensayos clínicos fase I/II (NCATS, 2025), y la enfermedad de Fabry mediante AAV5 con incrementos de actividad enzimática de 27 a 208 veces por encima de los niveles normales (uniQure, 2025). Los sistemas de edición génica basados en CRISPR-Cas9 administrados mediante AAV único han mostrado corrección permanente en modelos de hemofilia B, deficiencia de proteína C y deficiencia de ornitina transcarbamilasa (Batjargal et al., 2025). La imagen molecular, mediante PET con sistemas reporteros como DTPA-R para el seguimiento de vectores AAV9 (Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2025) y la secuenciación in situ para el mapeo espacial de eventos de edición génica (Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2026), permite visualizar la corrección metabólica y la edición génica in vivo. La terapia génica in vivo con vectores virales de nueva generación representa una estrategia transformadora para los EIM hepatorrenales. La integración de la imagen molecular como herramienta de seguimiento no invasivo permite evaluar la eficacia, detectar complicaciones y personalizar el tratamiento. Persisten desafíos como la inmunogenicidad, la toxicidad hepática y la necesidad de estrategias de redosificación. Se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados para consolidar estas terapias en la práctica clínica.

Open article ↗



2026-07-01 | Immune Dysregulation in Branched Chain Organic Acidemias.

Organic acidemias (OAs) are a group of inherited disorders, most commonly caused by defects in mitochondrial enzymes involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. While they characteristically present with metabolic and neurological crises, growing evidence reveals a significant burden of chronic immune dysregulation in some disorders and patients. This review provides a synthesis of clinical and mechanistic evidence discussing immune dysregulation in OAs. Cytopenia can occur in OAs and predispose patients to recurrent and severe infections. Adaptive immune deficits, such as hypogammaglobulinemia, reduced B and T cell populations, and impaired vaccine-specific antibody responses, including to diphtheria and tetanus in MSUD and to the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in propionic acidemia, have also been reported. Additionally, some case series note hyperinflammatory conditions, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Mechanistic studies indicate that accumulated metabolites disrupt innate and adaptive hematopoietic progenitor function, mitochondrial homeostasis, and inflammatory signaling. Emerging therapeutic avenues, such as gene and mRNA-based therapies, hold the potential to improve or normalize the biochemical phenotype in OAs. While their impact on immune abnormalities remains largely unexplored, future clinical trials offer an opportunity to systematically assess potential effects on immune parameters. OAs are increasingly recognized as disorders with intrinsic immune dysregulation, extending beyond their well-characterized metabolic and neurological manifestations. Future clinical trials will benefit from including immunological endpoints to evaluate immunological recovery for novel therapies.

Open article ↗



2026-05-15 | Systemic dual-gene therapy reverses biochemical intoxication in the central metabolic compartment of Bckdha-/- mice.

Branched-chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) deficiency (maple syrup urine disease; MSUD) causes lethal encephalopathy by disrupting cerebral metabolism, a process imperfectly reflected by circulating biomarkers. Diet and liver transplantation stabilize peripheral metabolites but fail to restore brain neurochemistry, demarcating the central nervous system as the decisive therapeutic compartment. To define the pathogenesis of intoxication and its therapeutic response, we performed paired serum-brain metabolomics in Bckdha-/- mice treated with a systemic AAV9 dual-gene vector encoding human BCKDHA and BCKDHB (A-BiP-B). Untreated neonates exhibited a 9-fold elevation of brain 2-ketoisocaproate accompanied by cerebral depletion of glutamate and glutamine, as well as shifts in tricarboxylic acid cycle and ketone body metabolism. These disturbances originated from reversal of branched-chain aminotransferase 2 flux and destabilization of glutamate-2-ketoglutarate mass balance, producing divergent metabolic endophenotypes in blood versus brain. A single intravenous injection of A-BiP-B rescued mice from fatal encephalopathy, partially restored cerebral BCKDHA mRNA expression, and brought core brain neurochemical endpoints within wild-type range despite persistent elevation of serum 2-ketoacids. These findings expose limitations of current MSUD management and establish systemic dual-gene therapy as a means of restoring neurochemical homeostasis while enabling survival on unrestricted protein intake.

Open article ↗



Access all drug discovery articles and probability of success in trials forecasts:

Access all drug discovery articles and probability of success in trials forecasts:

Drug Discovery Landscape

5 orphan drug designations for Maple syrup urine disease, including 1 approved therapy.

5 orphan drug designations for Maple syrup urine disease, including 1 approved therapy.

Drug

Therapy type

Regulator

Orphan designation

Approval

Sponsor

recombinant AAV9 vector expressing functional, codon-optimized, human BCKDHA and BCKDHB genes which encode for catalytic E1alpha and E1beta subunits, respectively, of the BCKDH holoenzyme

gene therapies

FDA

2025-05-15

Plowshare Therapies LLC

a modified version of a leucine decarboxylase enzyme from Planctomycetaceae bacterium

proteins

FDA

2022-12-20

Codexis, Inc.

Sodium phenylbutyrate

small molecules

EMA

2022-07-18

Renantos Pharmavertriebsgesellschaft mbH

Glycine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-lysine monohydrate, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, taurine [Maapliv]

other

EMA

2018-10-26

2025-07-29

Recordati Rare Diseases

sodium phenylbutyrate

small molecules

FDA

2014-08-19

Acer Therapeutics, Inc.

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New York, USA.

At Explority, we build first-of-its-kind AI to bring clarity to the earliest and riskiest stages of pharmaceutical research by forecasting which therapies are most likely to succeed. Explority AI web and mobile applications are properties of the Explority AI Inc., a company registered in the United States (File No. 10320493).
For all questions: support@explority.ai

Copyright © 2026 Explority AI Inc.

Explority AI logo

228 Park Ave S,
New York, USA.

At Explority, we build first-of-its-kind AI to bring clarity to the earliest and riskiest stages of pharmaceutical research by forecasting which therapies are most likely to succeed. Explority AI web and mobile applications are properties of the Explority AI Inc., a company registered in the United States (File No. 10320493).
For all questions: support@explority.ai

Copyright © 2026 Explority AI Inc.

Explority AI logo

228 Park Ave S,
New York, USA.

At Explority, we build first-of-its-kind AI to bring clarity to the earliest and riskiest stages of pharmaceutical research by forecasting which therapies are most likely to succeed. Explority AI web and mobile applications are properties of the Explority AI Inc., a company registered in the United States (File No. 10320493).
For all questions: support@explority.ai

Copyright © 2026 Explority AI Inc.