RARE DISEASE
Creatine deficiency syndrome
Creatine deficiency syndrome
Creatine deficiency syndrome
Synonyms: CCDS, CDS, Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome
Synonyms: CCDS, CDS, Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome
Synonyms: CCDS, CDS, Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome
Drug discovery
2
drugs
With orphan designations
Overview
Creatine deficiency syndrome (CDS) encompasses inherited disorders of creatine metabolism, including GAMT deficiency, AGAT deficiency, and X-linked creatine transporter deficiency (CTD). These conditions disrupt cerebral creatine synthesis or transport, causing global developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, movement disorders, and behavioral abnormalities (e.g., autism). Diagnosis relies on brain MRI spectroscopy, urine creatine/creatinine ratios, and genetic testing. While creatine supplementation effectively treats AGAT/GAMT deficiencies, CTD lacks definitive therapies, though gene therapy and novel formulations are under investigation [1][2][8][11].
Categories: rare genetic diseases, rare inborn errors of metabolism, rare neurological diseases
Research Papers
60 drug discovery papers about Creatine deficiency syndrome, with 1 first-in-class and 2 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:
60 drug discovery papers about Creatine deficiency syndrome, with 1 first-in-class and 2 next-in-class emerging drug candidates forecasted to outperform the average preclinical success rate. Recent publications:
categories:
Small molecules
small molecules
2026-08-10 | A novel homozygous missense variant in the GAMT gene causing cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 2 in an Iranian patient: molecular dynamics insights and literature review
Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 2 (CCDS2; OMIM #612,736) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder caused by variants in the GAMT gene, leading to deficient creatine synthesis in the brain. Here, we report a 17-year-old Iranian Fars female patient from a consanguineous marriage presenting with severe intellectual disability, inability to walk, muscle atrophy, and epileptiform EEG activity. Whole-exome sequencing identified a previously unreported homozygous missense variant in GAMT (NM_000156.6: c.326A > G, p.Lys109Arg), classified as likely pathogenic according to ACMG guidelines. The affected lysine residue at position 109 is highly conserved across species. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over 100 ns revealed that the p.Lys109Arg substitution induces a more compact global conformation (lower RMSD and Rg) but drastically alters the dynamic coupling network. Compared to wild-type, the mutant exhibited a substantially higher standard deviation in the cross-correlation matrix (0.323 vs. 0.236) and a markedly increased number of both strongly positive (4,006 vs. 1,574) and strongly negative (3,326 vs. 576) correlated residue pairs, indicating the emergence of extensive long-range allosteric perturbations that may disrupt functional dynamics and stability. Our report highlights the value of MD simulations as a tool to evaluate the structural consequences of genetic variants.
2026-06-18 | Stage- and Region-Dependent Proteomic Alterations in a Mouse Model of Creatine Transporter Deficiency.
SLC6A8 encodes the creatine transporter (CRT), which mediates creatine transport across the plasma membrane in the brain, including the blood-brain barrier and neurons. Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD), caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8, leads to cerebral creatine depletion and cognitive impairment. Here, we investigated the developmental molecular mechanisms underlying CTD using the pathogenic c.1681G>C (G561R) variant of Slc6a8, which corresponds to a variant identified in SLC6A8 in a patient with CTD. In vitro analyses using HEK293 cells expressing mutant mouse CRT carrying the G561R variant demonstrated impaired N-glycan maturation and plasma membrane localization of the transporter, resulting in markedly reduced creatine uptake, consistent with previous reports on the corresponding human CRT variant. To investigate the in vivo effects of this pathogenic variant, we generated CRT-G561R knock-in mice by introducing the c.1681G>C point mutation into the mouse Slc6a8 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These male mice exhibited severe reductions in brain creatine levels, postnatal growth retardation, and impaired spatial memory, despite preserved gross brain morphology. Quantitative proteomic analyses of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during postnatal development revealed region-dependent protein alterations in CTD. The hippocampus showed pronounced early postnatal remodeling involving proteins related to actin cytoskeleton organization and vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking, whereas the cerebral cortex exhibited a more gradual response involving creatine biosynthesis-related enzymes and later-emerging mitochondrial pathways, including the mitochondrial translation machinery. These findings demonstrate stage- and region-dependent proteomic remodeling during postnatal brain development in CTD.
2025-11-24 | Complete data for neurochemical and behavioral assessment in a mouse model of creatine transporter deficiency.
Mutations in the creatine (Cr) transporter (CrT) gene lead to cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome-1 (CCDS1), an X-linked metabolic disorder characterized by cerebral Cr deficiency causing intellectual disability, seizures, movement and behavioral disturbances, language and speech impairment ( OMIM #300352). CCDS1 is still an untreatable pathology that can be very invalidating for patients and caregivers. Only two murine models of CCDS1, one of which is an ubiquitous knockout mouse, are currently available to study the possible mechanisms underlying the pathologic phenotype of CCDS1 and to develop therapeutic strategies. Given the importance of validating phenotypes and efficacy of promising treatments in more than one mouse model we have generated a new murine model of CCDS1 obtained by ubiquitous deletion of 5-7 exons in the Slc6a8 gene. We showed a remarkable Cr depletion in the murine brain tissues and cognitive defects, thus resembling the key features of human CCDS1. These results confirm that CCDS1 can be well modeled in mice. This CrT −/y murine model will provide a new tool for increasing the relevance of preclinical studies to the human disease.
2025-09-02 | Structural insights into the substrate uptake and inhibition of the human creatine transporter (hCRT).
Creatine plays a vital role in cellular energy production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis and has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Creatine is transported into cells by the human creatine transporter (hCRT) (SLC6A8), an Na+/Cl--dependent symporter encoded on the X chromosome. Mutations in hCRT cause cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1, a neurological disorder marked by intellectual disability, speech delay, and seizures. Beyond its role in the brain and muscle, hCRT is highly expressed in metabolically active tumors. Many cancer cells, including colorectal cancer and glioblastoma, upregulate hCRT to sustain intracellular creatine levels and buffer ATP under energy stress. Pharmacological blockade of hCRT by RGX202 has been shown to impair tumor growth by disrupting energy homeostasis. Here, we report the high-resolution cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human hCRT in three states: apo, creatine-bound, and RGX202-bound. hCRT adopts a canonical LeuT-fold with 12 transmembrane helices and two pseudosymmetric inverted repeats. Creatine is coordinated in the central substrate-binding site through interactions with transmembrane helices TM1, TM3, TM6, and TM8, while the inhibitor RGX202 occupies the same binding pocket, engaging in overlapping contacts that competitively block creatine access. Our structural and mechanistic findings clarify substrate recognition and inhibitory binding of hCRT, providing a molecular rationale for targeting hCRT in both inherited metabolic diseases and cancer therapy.
2025-04-10 | ClinGen Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes Expert Panel Specifications to the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for SLC6A8 Version 1.2
This is a ClinGen Criteria Specification approved by the ClinGen Clinical Domain Working Group Oversight Committee and the ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panel Review Committee. Usage subject to the Clinical Genome Resource's Terms of Use (https://clinicalgenome.org/docs/terms-of-use/) which employs the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication.
gene therapies
2026-04-02 | Transporters for Creatine and Related Guanidino Compounds: Their Relevance to Brain Health and Disorders.
Creatine, α-N-methyl-guanidino-acetic acid, plays a fundamental role in the storage and regeneration of high-energy phosphate in the brain. Defects in the creatine transporter gene (CRT/SLC6A8) result in a significant reduction in brain creatine levels and severe neurological symptoms such as intellectual disability. Clarifying creatine dynamics in the brain is essential to increase our understanding of CRT deficiency syndrome (CRTD) pathology and the development of CRTD therapeutics. This review comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiological roles of transporters in dynamics of creatine and related guanidine compounds in the brain barriers and brain parenchyma. Brain creatine dynamics are regulated by the cooperative actions of various influx and efflux transporters of creatine, guanidinoacetate, creatinine, and creatine biosynthetic enzymes. These transporters include CRT/SLC6A8 as a creatine/guanidinoacetate/creatinine influx transporter, MCT12/SLC16A12, and SLC22A15 for creatine efflux transport, TauT/SLC6A6, GAT2/SLC6A13, and GAT3/SLC6A11 for guanidinoacetate influx transport, and OCT3/SLC22A3 for creatinine influx transport. Transporters and creatine biosynthetic enzymes, such as arginine-glycine amidinotransferase and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, exhibit cell-type specific spatio-temporal expression at the brain barrier and in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. To date, no effective therapeutics have been developed for the treatment of CRTD. The link between low brain creatine level and the mechanism of neurological dysfunction remains unclear. Creatine prodrugs, molecular chaperones, and adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies are potential therapeutic options for CRTD. Advanced technologies, such as omics and genetic engineering, will open new avenues for CRTD therapeutics.
2025-05-09 | Gene delivery of AGAT and GAMT boosts creatine levels in creatine transporter deficiency patient fibroblasts.
Creatine is a critical metabolite used to buffer cellular energy demands in highly energetic tissues such as the brain and muscle. Genetic defects in endogenous creatine synthesis or transport across cellular membranes lead to a common set of phenotypes referred to as Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndrome (CCDS). The most common form of CCDS is Creatine Transporter 1 (CT1) Deficiency (CTD). It accounts for ~ 70% of cases and results from loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene SLC6A8. Affected individuals suffer from intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. There are currently no effective therapies for this disorder, but gene therapy has emerged as a potential approach. The two enzymes which comprise the endogenous creatine synthetic pathway (AGAT and GAMT) are selectively expressed by specific cell types throughout the body. However, after synthesized, creatine uptake relies on the protein product of SLC6A8, CT1, to transport creatine into target cell types. We hypothesized that gene delivery of GATM (encoding AGAT) and GAMT into end-user cell types would bypass the need for CT1, allowing for intracellular synthesis of creatine. We tested this strategy in two human cell types: HEK293T cells and primary fibroblasts. Co-delivery of GATM and GAMT increased internal creatine concentrations by 7.6-fold in HEK293T cells and 12.3-fold in healthy control fibroblasts. We then employed this approach to primary fibroblasts from patients with CTD. This resulted in an up to 11.6-fold increase in intracellular creatine concentrations, far exceeding the intracellular concentration of creatine in healthy control fibroblasts. Importantly, overexpression of AGAT and GAMT resulted in proper targeting of these enzymes to their natural cellular compartment and did not impair the growth of patient fibroblasts. These findings establish gene therapy with GATM and GAMT as a potential strategy for patients with CTD.
2024-05-15 | Rescue of myocytes and locomotion through AAV2/9-2YF intracisternal gene therapy in a rat model of creatine transporter deficiency.
Creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS), caused by mutations in GATM (AGAT), GAMT, and SLC6A8, mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS). CDS show brain creatine (Cr) deficiency, intellectual disability with severe speech delay, behavioral troubles, epilepsy, and motor dysfunction. AGAT/GAMT-deficient patients lack brain Cr synthesis but express the Cr transporter SLC6A8 at the blood-brain barrier and are thus treatable by oral supplementation of Cr. In contrast, no satisfactory treatment has been identified for Cr transporter deficiency (CTD), the most frequent of CDS. We used our Slc6a8Y389C CTD rat model to develop a new AAV2/9-2YF-driven gene therapy re-establishing the functional Slc6a8 transporter in rat CNS. We show, after intra-cisterna magna AAV2/9-2YF-Slc6a8-FLAG vector injection of postnatal day 11 pups, the transduction of Slc6a8-FLAG in cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord as well as a partial recovery of Cr in these brain regions, together with full prevention of locomotion defaults and impairment of myocyte development observed in Slc6a8Y389 C/y male rats. While more work is needed to correct those CTD phenotypes more associated with forebrain structures, this study is the first demonstrating positive effects of an AAV-driven gene therapy on CTD and thus represents a very encouraging approach to treat the so-far untreatable CTD.
2007-01-09 | Overexpression of wild-type creatine transporter (SLC6A8) restores creatine uptake in primary SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.
In the study reported, we prove that mutations in the SLC6A8 gene are responsible for SLC6A8 deficiency, a cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS), since overexpression of the wild-type SLC6A8 open reading frame (ORF) restores the creatine uptake profile in SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.
small molecules
2026-08-10 | A novel homozygous missense variant in the GAMT gene causing cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 2 in an Iranian patient: molecular dynamics insights and literature review
Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 2 (CCDS2; OMIM #612,736) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder caused by variants in the GAMT gene, leading to deficient creatine synthesis in the brain. Here, we report a 17-year-old Iranian Fars female patient from a consanguineous marriage presenting with severe intellectual disability, inability to walk, muscle atrophy, and epileptiform EEG activity. Whole-exome sequencing identified a previously unreported homozygous missense variant in GAMT (NM_000156.6: c.326A > G, p.Lys109Arg), classified as likely pathogenic according to ACMG guidelines. The affected lysine residue at position 109 is highly conserved across species. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over 100 ns revealed that the p.Lys109Arg substitution induces a more compact global conformation (lower RMSD and Rg) but drastically alters the dynamic coupling network. Compared to wild-type, the mutant exhibited a substantially higher standard deviation in the cross-correlation matrix (0.323 vs. 0.236) and a markedly increased number of both strongly positive (4,006 vs. 1,574) and strongly negative (3,326 vs. 576) correlated residue pairs, indicating the emergence of extensive long-range allosteric perturbations that may disrupt functional dynamics and stability. Our report highlights the value of MD simulations as a tool to evaluate the structural consequences of genetic variants.
2026-06-18 | Stage- and Region-Dependent Proteomic Alterations in a Mouse Model of Creatine Transporter Deficiency.
SLC6A8 encodes the creatine transporter (CRT), which mediates creatine transport across the plasma membrane in the brain, including the blood-brain barrier and neurons. Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD), caused by pathogenic variants in SLC6A8, leads to cerebral creatine depletion and cognitive impairment. Here, we investigated the developmental molecular mechanisms underlying CTD using the pathogenic c.1681G>C (G561R) variant of Slc6a8, which corresponds to a variant identified in SLC6A8 in a patient with CTD. In vitro analyses using HEK293 cells expressing mutant mouse CRT carrying the G561R variant demonstrated impaired N-glycan maturation and plasma membrane localization of the transporter, resulting in markedly reduced creatine uptake, consistent with previous reports on the corresponding human CRT variant. To investigate the in vivo effects of this pathogenic variant, we generated CRT-G561R knock-in mice by introducing the c.1681G>C point mutation into the mouse Slc6a8 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These male mice exhibited severe reductions in brain creatine levels, postnatal growth retardation, and impaired spatial memory, despite preserved gross brain morphology. Quantitative proteomic analyses of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during postnatal development revealed region-dependent protein alterations in CTD. The hippocampus showed pronounced early postnatal remodeling involving proteins related to actin cytoskeleton organization and vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking, whereas the cerebral cortex exhibited a more gradual response involving creatine biosynthesis-related enzymes and later-emerging mitochondrial pathways, including the mitochondrial translation machinery. These findings demonstrate stage- and region-dependent proteomic remodeling during postnatal brain development in CTD.
2025-11-24 | Complete data for neurochemical and behavioral assessment in a mouse model of creatine transporter deficiency.
Mutations in the creatine (Cr) transporter (CrT) gene lead to cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome-1 (CCDS1), an X-linked metabolic disorder characterized by cerebral Cr deficiency causing intellectual disability, seizures, movement and behavioral disturbances, language and speech impairment ( OMIM #300352). CCDS1 is still an untreatable pathology that can be very invalidating for patients and caregivers. Only two murine models of CCDS1, one of which is an ubiquitous knockout mouse, are currently available to study the possible mechanisms underlying the pathologic phenotype of CCDS1 and to develop therapeutic strategies. Given the importance of validating phenotypes and efficacy of promising treatments in more than one mouse model we have generated a new murine model of CCDS1 obtained by ubiquitous deletion of 5-7 exons in the Slc6a8 gene. We showed a remarkable Cr depletion in the murine brain tissues and cognitive defects, thus resembling the key features of human CCDS1. These results confirm that CCDS1 can be well modeled in mice. This CrT −/y murine model will provide a new tool for increasing the relevance of preclinical studies to the human disease.
2025-09-02 | Structural insights into the substrate uptake and inhibition of the human creatine transporter (hCRT).
Creatine plays a vital role in cellular energy production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis and has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Creatine is transported into cells by the human creatine transporter (hCRT) (SLC6A8), an Na+/Cl--dependent symporter encoded on the X chromosome. Mutations in hCRT cause cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 1, a neurological disorder marked by intellectual disability, speech delay, and seizures. Beyond its role in the brain and muscle, hCRT is highly expressed in metabolically active tumors. Many cancer cells, including colorectal cancer and glioblastoma, upregulate hCRT to sustain intracellular creatine levels and buffer ATP under energy stress. Pharmacological blockade of hCRT by RGX202 has been shown to impair tumor growth by disrupting energy homeostasis. Here, we report the high-resolution cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human hCRT in three states: apo, creatine-bound, and RGX202-bound. hCRT adopts a canonical LeuT-fold with 12 transmembrane helices and two pseudosymmetric inverted repeats. Creatine is coordinated in the central substrate-binding site through interactions with transmembrane helices TM1, TM3, TM6, and TM8, while the inhibitor RGX202 occupies the same binding pocket, engaging in overlapping contacts that competitively block creatine access. Our structural and mechanistic findings clarify substrate recognition and inhibitory binding of hCRT, providing a molecular rationale for targeting hCRT in both inherited metabolic diseases and cancer therapy.
2025-04-10 | ClinGen Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes Expert Panel Specifications to the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for SLC6A8 Version 1.2
This is a ClinGen Criteria Specification approved by the ClinGen Clinical Domain Working Group Oversight Committee and the ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panel Review Committee. Usage subject to the Clinical Genome Resource's Terms of Use (https://clinicalgenome.org/docs/terms-of-use/) which employs the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication.
gene therapies
2026-04-02 | Transporters for Creatine and Related Guanidino Compounds: Their Relevance to Brain Health and Disorders.
Creatine, α-N-methyl-guanidino-acetic acid, plays a fundamental role in the storage and regeneration of high-energy phosphate in the brain. Defects in the creatine transporter gene (CRT/SLC6A8) result in a significant reduction in brain creatine levels and severe neurological symptoms such as intellectual disability. Clarifying creatine dynamics in the brain is essential to increase our understanding of CRT deficiency syndrome (CRTD) pathology and the development of CRTD therapeutics. This review comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiological roles of transporters in dynamics of creatine and related guanidine compounds in the brain barriers and brain parenchyma. Brain creatine dynamics are regulated by the cooperative actions of various influx and efflux transporters of creatine, guanidinoacetate, creatinine, and creatine biosynthetic enzymes. These transporters include CRT/SLC6A8 as a creatine/guanidinoacetate/creatinine influx transporter, MCT12/SLC16A12, and SLC22A15 for creatine efflux transport, TauT/SLC6A6, GAT2/SLC6A13, and GAT3/SLC6A11 for guanidinoacetate influx transport, and OCT3/SLC22A3 for creatinine influx transport. Transporters and creatine biosynthetic enzymes, such as arginine-glycine amidinotransferase and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, exhibit cell-type specific spatio-temporal expression at the brain barrier and in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. To date, no effective therapeutics have been developed for the treatment of CRTD. The link between low brain creatine level and the mechanism of neurological dysfunction remains unclear. Creatine prodrugs, molecular chaperones, and adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies are potential therapeutic options for CRTD. Advanced technologies, such as omics and genetic engineering, will open new avenues for CRTD therapeutics.
2025-05-09 | Gene delivery of AGAT and GAMT boosts creatine levels in creatine transporter deficiency patient fibroblasts.
Creatine is a critical metabolite used to buffer cellular energy demands in highly energetic tissues such as the brain and muscle. Genetic defects in endogenous creatine synthesis or transport across cellular membranes lead to a common set of phenotypes referred to as Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndrome (CCDS). The most common form of CCDS is Creatine Transporter 1 (CT1) Deficiency (CTD). It accounts for ~ 70% of cases and results from loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene SLC6A8. Affected individuals suffer from intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. There are currently no effective therapies for this disorder, but gene therapy has emerged as a potential approach. The two enzymes which comprise the endogenous creatine synthetic pathway (AGAT and GAMT) are selectively expressed by specific cell types throughout the body. However, after synthesized, creatine uptake relies on the protein product of SLC6A8, CT1, to transport creatine into target cell types. We hypothesized that gene delivery of GATM (encoding AGAT) and GAMT into end-user cell types would bypass the need for CT1, allowing for intracellular synthesis of creatine. We tested this strategy in two human cell types: HEK293T cells and primary fibroblasts. Co-delivery of GATM and GAMT increased internal creatine concentrations by 7.6-fold in HEK293T cells and 12.3-fold in healthy control fibroblasts. We then employed this approach to primary fibroblasts from patients with CTD. This resulted in an up to 11.6-fold increase in intracellular creatine concentrations, far exceeding the intracellular concentration of creatine in healthy control fibroblasts. Importantly, overexpression of AGAT and GAMT resulted in proper targeting of these enzymes to their natural cellular compartment and did not impair the growth of patient fibroblasts. These findings establish gene therapy with GATM and GAMT as a potential strategy for patients with CTD.
2024-05-15 | Rescue of myocytes and locomotion through AAV2/9-2YF intracisternal gene therapy in a rat model of creatine transporter deficiency.
Creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS), caused by mutations in GATM (AGAT), GAMT, and SLC6A8, mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS). CDS show brain creatine (Cr) deficiency, intellectual disability with severe speech delay, behavioral troubles, epilepsy, and motor dysfunction. AGAT/GAMT-deficient patients lack brain Cr synthesis but express the Cr transporter SLC6A8 at the blood-brain barrier and are thus treatable by oral supplementation of Cr. In contrast, no satisfactory treatment has been identified for Cr transporter deficiency (CTD), the most frequent of CDS. We used our Slc6a8Y389C CTD rat model to develop a new AAV2/9-2YF-driven gene therapy re-establishing the functional Slc6a8 transporter in rat CNS. We show, after intra-cisterna magna AAV2/9-2YF-Slc6a8-FLAG vector injection of postnatal day 11 pups, the transduction of Slc6a8-FLAG in cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord as well as a partial recovery of Cr in these brain regions, together with full prevention of locomotion defaults and impairment of myocyte development observed in Slc6a8Y389 C/y male rats. While more work is needed to correct those CTD phenotypes more associated with forebrain structures, this study is the first demonstrating positive effects of an AAV-driven gene therapy on CTD and thus represents a very encouraging approach to treat the so-far untreatable CTD.
2007-01-09 | Overexpression of wild-type creatine transporter (SLC6A8) restores creatine uptake in primary SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.
In the study reported, we prove that mutations in the SLC6A8 gene are responsible for SLC6A8 deficiency, a cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome (CCDS), since overexpression of the wild-type SLC6A8 open reading frame (ORF) restores the creatine uptake profile in SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts.
Access all drug discovery papers and probability of success in trials forecasts:
Access all drug discovery papers and probability of success in trials forecasts:
Drug Discovery Landscape
2 orphan drug designations for Creatine deficiency syndrome.
2 orphan drug designations for Creatine deficiency syndrome.
Drug | Therapy type | Regulator | Orphan designation | Approval | Sponsor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dodecyl creatine ester, dodecyl creatine ester hydrochloride | small molecules | EMA | 2021-02-19 | — | Ceres Brain Therapeutics S.A.S. |
Cyclocreatine | small molecules | EMA | 2016-06-27 | — | Pharma Gateway AB |
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